Research

Current projects

Recent research achievements

Grants

Professional activities

Workshops, seminars and industry linkages

Media and meetings

Positions

Referee of papers

Details of past projects, research achievements and professional activities may be found in the ITLS Annual Reports at:

http://www.itls.usyd.edu.au/about_itls/annual_reports.asp

Current projects

Sustainability

ITLS has as part of its objectives a commitment to research which focuses on the three cornerstones of sustainability: 

  • Economic and financial sustainability - Creating incentives for efficient responses to needs; making limited funding produce maximum benefits.
  • Environmental sustainability - Promoting more livable settlements and reducing adverse external effects such as air, water, ground pollution.
  • Social sustainability - Reducing poverty and meeting the needs of the disadvantaged (poor, disabled, elderly, young), improving public health.

The Earth image indicates projects that promote sustainability.



Earth ImageModelling the Environmental Impacts of Commercial Vehicle Tours and Freight Management Policies in Urban Areas [ARC Discovery Project]

S. Greaves

2008 to 2010

 The aim of this research is to develop a new methodology to assess the environmental impacts of urban freight transport policies. The major innovations offered by the approach are 1) the development of an exposure-based module within the environmental evaluation component, 2) an integrated emissions and noise model that is based on the operational characteristics of trucks, and 3) a mathematical modelling approach that incorporates greater behavioural reality into the different tour/stop profiles of trucks. The outcomes of the research will be of importance to freight operators, local councils and road authorities charged with managing freight traffic, and public health authorities.

TOOLS EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION [South Australia Department of Transport, Energy, and Infrastructure, $96,100]

P. Stopher

2008

ITLS was asked to undertake a study to determine which tools used in the TravelSmart implementation in the western suburbs of Adelaide were most effective in producing travel behaviour change. The project will take place in two stages. In the first stage, a data file from SA DTEI will be merged with data from the odometer and GPS panels to show which tools were taken by each participating household. ITLS will then determine if it is possible to determine differences in the changes made by households as a result of TravelSmart that can be attributed to the tools provided. In the second stage, a survey will be undertaken of households that participated in TravelSmart to ask them which tools they received and which they found more useful in helping them to change their travel behaviour. The result of the study is expected to provide improved information about which tools are most effective in assisting households to change travel behaviour.

THE EARTHClimate Change, Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Passenger Transport – What can we do to make a difference?

D. Hensher

2007, ongoing

Climate change, global warming and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) are hot topics for many reasons, including scientific and speculative. The transportation sector, led by the automobile, has been cited constantly as a major contributor through human intervention to climate change. The media and lobby groups have, for many years escalated the case for finding ways to reduce the impact that people movement has on enhanced GGEs. Governments have ramped up the rhetoric to gain political support. Short of banning car use, the challenge remains one of understanding better what mix of actions might contribute in non-marginal ways to reducing the growth of GGEs (primarily CO2) and even reduce the absolute amount of CO2 produced by automobility. This research evaluates potentially effective instruments that are aimed at a number of policy objectives linked to the  triple bottom line – efficiency, sustainability and equity – focusing on social surplus gains in addition to cost effectiveness; but in particular the ability to reduce CO2. We use TRESIS, an integrated transport, land use and environmental strategy impact simulation program, developed by the author, to assess the influence on CO2 of a number of ‘at source’ and ‘mitigation’ instruments such as improvements in fuel efficiency, a carbon tax, congestion charging, variable user charges, and improvements in public transit. We apply TRESIS to the Sydney metropolitan area with instruments enacted in 2010 up to 2015. There are some instruments that can reduce CO2 in the passenger transport sector by 5 percent over the next 8 years, with some more politically palatable, although requiring a greater amount of investment outlay by government. A mix of technological improvement linked to fuel efficiency and pricing of car use offer the most balanced way forward in terms of impacts on all stakeholders, especially in preserving government revenue sources and the opportunity to re-invest back into the transport sector through improved multi-modal infrastructure.

HETEROGENEOUS PICK UP AND DELIVERY ROUTING PROBLEMS WITH TOTAL ROUTE TIME CONSTRAINT

A. Ng and S. Bain

2007, ongoing

The transportation and trucking industry remains one of the most important fields in the area of freight logistics. Recent advances in computing speed and power have led to a wide variety of applications being developed in the field of the trucking industry. Due to the increasingly demanding nature of servicing the transportation of goods between different locations, it has become more important for trucking companies to adopt more up-to-date methods of handling operational activities. In this project, we look into a FTL pickup and delivery routing issue where the total route time of each truck is limited such that truck driver will not be away from the depot longer than the time limit, which reduces the turnover rate of long-haul truck driver. Our objective is to effectively assign trucks to customer orders in various locations, to minimize costs due to deadhead travel between the various pickup and delivery locations, and delay in deliveries.

A DISTRICTING PROBLEM WITH SERVICE-TIME CONSTRAINTS

A. Ng, J. Leung, X. Cai and S. Bain

2007, ongoing

In police patrolling service, police patrolling teams have to patrol within the servicing area round the clock everyday. Whenever there is incident reported, the team has to reach the crime scene in a reasonably short time. A typical way to achieve this is to zone the area into a certain number of districts. Each district is served by a patrolling team. The objective of this project is to provide an effective zoning method in order to minimize the number of patrolling teams needed, while keeping a high service level by responding to the incident in a reasonably short time.

A TWO-STAGE SCHEDULING MODEL FOR THE IN-FLIGHT CATERING SERVICE

A. Ng, D. Oron, S.N. Sze and V. Timkovsky

2007, ongoing

This project studies the in-flight catering scheduling problem. A group of loading teams has to transport food from the kitchen and load it into aircrafts, which land and depart within tight time windows. The number of aircraft that can be served in a trip is restricted by the capacity of the loading truck and a food exposure time limit. Each loading team can only serve a specific set of aircraft types. A two-stage scheduling model is proposed to assign each loading team to aircrafts and decide the shift hour of each team in order to minimize the number of loading team needed.

PORT CHOICE: AN OCEAN LINER'S PERSPECTIVE

A. Ng

2007, ongoing

Ongoing Ocean liners and port operators are closely related business partners in sea borne supply chains. An ocean liner calling on a port will increase the connectivity of the port. Together with the efficiency and productivity of the port, more shippers will be attracted to ship their cargos via this liner-port pair. As a result, it increases the profit of both the ocean liner and the port operator. This project aims to study the factors that affect the choice of ports of an ocean liner on its regular shipping routes in order to provide insights for port operators in developing business and marketing strategies.

IS THE TRADITIONAL SUPPLY CHAIN ADEQUATE TO THE CHANGES OF THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY?

D. Walters

2007, ongoing

It is arguable that the conventional supply chain is becoming limited in its ability to identify optional and innovative responses. Recent research suggests understanding the nature of demand through demand chain analysis for example; the trade-off factors between product-service characteristics, may result in on an emphasis on non-price value differentiation and greater margins. Demand chain analysis has explored and has ascertained, for example, the role of brands, innovation, and service response and identified the sensitivities of customer response to these and other product-service features. Using demand chain to identify the customer expectations or, product/service profile(s) of markets and their segments results in an effective and efficient Response Management approach to both customer and supplier relationship management and a closer alignment with the value chain concept

EMERGING BUSINESS MODELS: THE IMPACT ON LOGISTICS

D. Walters

2007, ongoing

The expanding interest by the recently industrialised economies has led to their increasing competition in high labour content manufacturing. This development resulted in many Australian manufacturing companies becoming uncompetitive and looking to restructure their business models. This project considers the impact that a shift from “high volume-low value” business models towards “high value-low volume” models is having on business model design and logistics management.

ORDERED CHOICES AND HETEROGENEITY IN ATTRIBUTE PROCESSING

W. Greene and D. Hensher

2007 ongoing

A growing number of empirical studies involve the assessment of influences on a choice amongst ordered discrete alternatives. Ordered logit and probit models are well known, including extensions to accommodate random parameters and heteroscedasticity in unobserved variance. This research extends the ordered choice random parameter model to permit random parameterization of thresholds and decomposition to establish observed sources of systematic variation in the threshold parameter distribution. We will illustrate the empirical gains of this model in the context of an individual’s choice amongst unlabelled attribute packages of alternative tolled and non-tolled routes for the commuting trip, and the role that each attribute plays, in the sense of being ignored or not. The ordering represents the number of attributes attended to from the full fixed set. Preliminary evidence suggests that there is significant heterogeneity associated with the thresholds that can be connected to systematic sources associated with the respondent (i.e., gender) and the choice experiment (i.e., aggregation treatment of components of travel time).

THE EARTHLong-Range Monitoring of Travel Behaviour Change Programs for the NTBCP

P. Stopher

2007 to 2013

Following on from the successful completion of the Pilot Testing of alternative methods for conducting a long-range monitoring program for voluntary travel behaviour change projects, the National Travel Behaviour Change Project partners, through Queensland Transport selected ITLS to conduct long-range monitoring for the period from late 2007 until late 2012, with a final report to be submitted in March 2013. The project involves a panel of approximately 115 households, drawn from the ACT, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria who will complete a 15-day GPS survey once a year from 2007 through 2012. The initial wave of the panel was completed in November-December of 2007, and subsequent waves of the panel will be completed in the period of October-November. A report is to be provided to the NTBCP partners prior to March 1 each year from 2009, documenting the changes in greenhouse gas emissions that are estimated from this survey.

R-TRESIS: DEVELOPING A DEMAND AND SUPPLY MODELLING CAPABILITY FOR AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT AND LAND USE MODEL SYSTEM FOR REGIONAL NEW SOUTH WALES

D. Hensher, S. Bain and Z. Li

2007 to 2010

This research sets out a demand modeling framework for the development of a regional transport and land use model system (R-Tresis), to be implemented for New South Wales (Australia). Traditionally, the focus of such a model system has been major metropolitan areas such as Sydney, where we have developed Tresis (Hensher 2002). Given the growing concern about regional accessibility to many service classes, there is a need for a modeling capability that can be used to prioratise and guide policy decisions in regions that are often described as remote, rural, low density and small town. In developing a framework that is capable of integrating both demand and supply elements of transportation and land use activity, we recognized the challenges in developing primary data sources, and the high likelihood of a reliance on secondary data sources. This suggested an alternative approach to demand modeling that was not dependent on choice models; namely a suite of continuous choice models in which we capture the actual activities undertaken by each mode on both the demand and supply side.

HYPOTHETICAL BIAS, STATED CHOICE STUDIES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY

D. Hensher

2007 to 2009

There is growing interest in establishing the extent of differences in willingness to pay (WTP) for attributes, such as travel time savings, that are derived from real choice settings and hypothetical (to varying degrees) settings. Non-experiment external validity tests involving observation of choice activity in a natural environment where the individuals do not know they are in an experiment are rare. In contrast the majority of tests are a test of external validity between hypothetical and actual experiments. Deviation from real market evidence is referred to in the literature broadly as hypothetical bias. The challenge is to identify such bias, and to the extent to which it exists, establishing possible ways to minimise it. This research reviews the efforts to date to identify and ‘calibrate’ WTP derived from one or more methods that involve assessment of hypothetical settings, be they (i) contingent valuation methods, (ii) choice experiments involving trading attributes between multiple alternatives, with or without referencing, or (iii) methods involving salient or non-salient incentives linked to actual behaviour. Despite progress in identifying possible contributions to differences in marginal WTP, there is no solid evidence, although plenty of speculation, to explain the differences between all manner of hypothetical experiments and non-experimental evidence. The absence of non-experimental evidence from natural field experiments remains a major barrier to confirmation of under or over-estimation. Initial findings suggest, however, that the role of referencing of an experiment relative to a real experience, in the design of choice experiments, appears to offer great promise in the derivation of estimates of WTP that have a meaningful link to real market activity.

Exploring Behavioural Responses of Motorists to Exposure-Based Charging Mechanisms [ARC Linkage Grant, with AAMI]

D. Hensher, S. Greaves and P. Stopher

2007 to 2009

Our continued reliance on cars is estimated to cost the Australian economy around $50 billion per year in accidents, congestion and air pollution. This project delivers a new approach to reduce these externalities, in which charges are levied on drivers based on their accident history, the kilometres driven and the circumstances under which these kilometres are driven. In addition to the safety and congestion benefits, the outcomes of the project will be of importance to those charged with raising revenue to support infrastructure maintenance and development, and the insurance industry as a basis for reducing risks in driving and making premiums more equitable.

Earth ImageDevelopment of a behavioural system of stated choice models: modelling behavioural, pricing and technological opportunities to reduce automobile energy levels [ARC Discovery Project Grant]

D. Hensher

2007 to 2009

Automobile use is attributed with over 70% of CO2 emissions from the transport sector. This project delivers a new framework to assess the impact of policies to reduce CO2 and other energy sources associated with existing ICE fuel sources and a range of scenarios that involve futures with alternative fuels. The proposed framework will radically change the approach used by practitioners in prediction, and provide a way of capturing behavioural responses of car users to new environmental futures, in which price, performance, distribution and maintenance play a crucial role in adopting environmentally friendly fuels and vehicle designs. Australia lacks this behavioural capability. The focus is on vehicle type choice and use, implementing ideas in discrete-continuous choice modelling, attribute processing, group decision making and prospect theory.

 Integrating Accident and Travel Delay Externalities in an Urban Speed Reduction Context [ARC Discovery Project Grant]

D. Hensher

2007 to 2009

The recognition that accident externalities are not independent of travel delays, and hence travel time savings and losses will promote a serious policy rethink about strategies designed to reduce the risk of exposure to accidents.  The evidence is designed to identify that additional externality that has to be factored into the accident costs to recognise the other sources of externality typically ignored in accident costing and speed restriction studies. The implication on the development of a national program of road safety is likely to be profound. New surveys using stated choice methods are being developed and data collected to identify the willingness to pay to avoid fatalities and severe injuries.


Earth ImageDeveloping Tour Based Models for an Integrated Land Use, Transport and Environment Model System for Australia [ARC Discovery Project Grant]

P. Stopher

2007 to 2009

This project will provide a powerful new planning and decision tool with practical applications to assess the environmental, land use, and transport related impacts of (i) transport policies (e.g., congestion charging, TravelSmart, fuel taxation regimes, light rail vs. bus, etc.), (ii) development of major infrastructure investment (e.g., building new (toll) roads, rail lines, etc.) and (iii) introduction of various land use strategies and policies (e.g., infill vs. fringe development). The research will develop an integrated land-use travel demand model using tour-based demand models and microsimulation. The proposed research will not only have implications for improving transportation planning in Australia, but around the globe. Land use activity and transport provision represent important facets of the Australian economy (e.g., transport activities represent 17% of the total national gross domestic product). This project will improve significantly the ability of policy makers to make better and timely judgments about the virtues of specific land use and transport planning outcomes. The behavioural models to be developed will allow for greater sensitivity analysis to policy scenario planning, with measured impacts including forecasts of traffic levels and environmental impacts, especially greenhouse gas emissions and energy requirements.

Community Perception After Survey

P. Stopher

2007 to 2008

ITLS was asked to repeat the Community Perception Survey conducted in Western Adelaide in 2005, prior to the TravelSmart implementation, using as many of the same households as had been used in 2005 as possible. The survey was identical to the previous one, except for the opening screening questions, and the recruitment of additional households to make the sample up to the same size as the original survey. Fieldwork was conducted with about 400 households in November and early December and data have been computerised from the face-to-face surveys. Analysis will be completed in the first three months of 2008. The purpose of the project is to determine whether or not the TravelSmart intervention has changed attitudes about car use and barriers to change from car dependence. The final sample consists of a mix of TravelSmart participants and non-participants.

Pilot Validation of the VISTA 2007 Household Travel Survey by GPS

P. Stopher

2007 to 2008

PlanTrans Pty Ltd was selected by VicRoads to undertake a pilot validation of the new Victoria Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA) of 2007-8. PlanTrans Pty Ltd subcontracted with ITLS to provide the GPS devices and to analyse the data collected from the GPS units. The survey was conducted by recruiting households by door-knocking in selected suburbs of Melbourne and, after recruiting the household to do the VISTA survey, then attempting to recruit the household to also do a one-week GPS survey covering the same time as the VISTA survey. A sample of 80 households undertaking the GPS survey was desired, with the expectation that this would result in 50 households actually completing both the VISTA and GPS surveys as requested. Final analysis of the results is still being conducted.

Earth ImageUsing Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Exposure to Fine Particulates in Roadway Environments

S. Greaves

2007 to 2008

Over the last three years, we have conducted a number of trials using GPS technology and portable pollution monitors to assess exposure to pollution at highly disaggregate spatio-temporal levels on various modes of transport in Sydney. The issue under investigation here is the identification and adaptation of appropriate statistical techniques for analysing these data, which by their very nature exhibit a highly complex data structure. Here, we investigate the potential for applying methods based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to this problem.

Earth ImageAssessing willingness to pay for urban water, wastewater, gas and electricity delivery service standards [ARC Linkage Grant]

D. Hensher, R.A. Letcher (ANU) and D. Graham (ActewAGL)

2006 to 2009

This ARC Linkage project (with ANU and ActewAGL) over 2006-2009 aims to develop understanding of the nature of willingness to pay (WTP) for utility services standards and the appropriate role of WTP in regulating prices and service quality. Given the current prevalence of service failure in Australia and the pressure on governments and utilities to invest in maintaining and improving infrastructure, this research is necessary to assess the level of investment required and the extent to which customers should pay. The research will be directly applicable to all gas, electricity, water and wastewater utilities and regulators in Australia. Results will also be crucial in developing regulation policy relating to the use of S-factors and regulation of service quality in Australia.

Selective Developments in Choice Analysis

D. Hensher and J. Rose

2006 to 2008

Developments in data and modelling paradigms in choice analysis are developing at a fast pace. This research takes a selective view of some of these developments, especially four broad themes – information processing strategies, especially in the context of stated choice studies; agency interdependency (with a strong applied focus), developments in the design of choice experiments, and a smorgasbord of themes centred on expanding the behavioural capabilities (and longer term forecasting accuracy) of discrete choice models.

Asymmetrical Preference Formation in Willingness to Pay Estimates in Discrete Choice Models

J. Rose, S. Hess and D. Hensher

2006, ongoing

Individuals when faced with choices amongst a number of alternatives often adopt a variety of processing rules, ranging from simple linear to complex non-linear treatment of each attribute defining the offer of each alternative. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the choice process as a basis of understanding how best to represent attributes in choice outcome models. In this paper, in the context of choice amongst tolled and non-tolled routes, we investigate the presence of asymmetry in preferences, drawing on ideas from prospect theory to test for framing effects and differential willingness to pay according to whether we are valuing gains or losses. The findings offer clear evidence of an asymmetrical response to increases and decreases in attributes when compared to the corresponding values for a reference alternative. The degree of asymmetry varies across attributes and population segments, but crucially is independent of the inclusion or otherwise of an additional constant for the reference alternative, contrary to earlier findings.

Designing Efficient Data for Stated Choice Experiments: Accounting for Socio-demographic and contextual effects in designing stated choice experiments

J. Rose and M. Bliemer

2006, ongoing

Identifying methods for reducing the number of respondents required for stated choice (SC) experiments is important for transport studies given increases in survey costs. Such reductions, however, must not come at the cost of a lessening in the reliability of the parameter estimates obtained from models of discrete choice. Recognition of this has resulted in growing interest in a class of SC designs known as efficient designs, which balance reliability concerns with sample size issues. To date, however, the literature on generating efficient designs has only considered experiments that involve only attributes of the experiment. Covariates that may be used in data analysis have therefore ignored to date. In this research, we demonstrate that if covariates are to be used in data analysis, then the efficiency of a SC design may be lessened. We demonstrate how efficient SC experiments may be constructed to account for covariates, and how minimum quotas may be established in order to retain a fixed level of efficiency.

Designing Stated Choice Experiments: State-of-the-Art

J. Rose and M. Bliemer

2006, ongoing

Stated choice experiments are often used in transportation studies for estimating and forecasting behaviour of travellers, road authorities, etc. These kinds of experiments rely on underlying experimental designs. This research is designed to analyse and describe in as simple manner as possible, the processes of designing stated choice experiments and is intended to give an overview of the current state-of-the-practice and more importantly the current state-of-the-art. Different design types are examined and described. Orthogonal designs are mainstream under practitioners, but nowadays many researchers realize that so-called efficient designs are able to produce more efficient data in the sense that more reliable parameter estimates can be achieved with an equal or lower sample size. Different types of efficient designs are examined, including possible algorithms for generating efficient designs.

Establishing Signals of Firm Distress: A Stated Perception Assessment of Firm Profiles

D. Hensher, S. Jones, J. Rose and A. Collins

2006, ongoing

Recent developments in data paradigms designed to assess preferences for packages of attributes that may or may not exist in real markets opens up opportunities to identify the signals that experts believe are being sent about the distress level of a firm with that condition. Although revealed preference data itself has inherent merit in the sense of defining a current distress state, the ability to develop a model to predict the distress outcome relies of the pooling of observations to create between-firm variability. An alternative methodology within the discrete outcome model setting involves a data paradigm centred on experimental design in which we design future firm profiles described by packages of financial factors. By varying these profiles and offering CFO’s at least two of the packages to assess and indicate the ranking of them on a scale (from best to worse) that can be mapped into a distress index, we provide a new capability in the accounting and finance literature to predict the likelihood of a firm’s profile being perceived by CFO’s as a candidate for a specific distress classification. Specifically, given a list of financial factors identified through in depth interviews with CFO’s and evidence sourced from the published literature, we can design a stated perception experiment based on combinations of levels of each financial attribute. We use state of the art D- and S-optimal designs with priors on attribute parameters (in contrast to sub-optimal orthogonal designs- except when we have no priors) to design an experiment used to reveal CFO’s ranking of attribute profiles. If we assume a ranking of three constructed profiles, pivoted around each CFO’s current firm’s profile on these same attributes, we can use the rank order (1,2,3,4) together with the attribute levels across the four ordered alternatives to estimate an ordered mixed logit model. This model (see Jones and Hensher 2004) can be used to identify the probability of a specific distress level for each CFO, given their mapping of each rank against a distress level scale. The estimated model can be validated with a hold out sample, drawn from the surveyed sample of CFO’s. In addition to financial factors, we recognise the influence that macroeconomic variables have on the assessment of financial performance. We propose, in the stated perception ranking design, to overlay an additional experimental design in which we vary the levels of a set of macroeconomic variables (e.g., interest rate increases, volatility in exchange rates), pivoted around levels reported by each CFO as current exposure. The survey will also collect contextual data on firm specific characteristics, financial systems in place within the CFO’s firm, the quality of management, corporate governance conditions and other factors.

Route choice behaviour of freeway travellers under real-time traffic information provision–application of the best route and the habitual route choice mechanisms

D. Hensher and J. Rong-Chang

2006, ongoing

The route choice behaviour on freeways between Taipei and Taichung in Taiwan under the provision of real-time traffic information is investigated. Two types of route choice selection rules (the best-route and habitual-route) are analysed using ordered probit models to identify the major influences on freeway travellers’ route choice behaviour. The level of service associated with each route is defined as a generalized cost saving and specified non-linearly with a threshold inherent to travellers. The marginal (dis)utility thresholds in the ‘best’ and ‘habitual’ behaviour models are identified through a goodness of fit grid. The results to date confirm that the thresholds for changing the inertia behaviour of drivers should be larger than the ones for choosing the best routes. In addition, the drivers are more likely to choose either the best or the habitual routes once the generalized cost savings are greater than threshold values.

Earth ImageSustainable Public Transport Systems: Moving Towards a Value for Money and Network-Based Approach and away from Blind Commitment

D. Hensher

2006, ongoing

Growing public transport patronage in the presence of a strong demand for car ownership and use remains a high agenda challenge for many developed and developing economies. While some countries are losing public transport modal share, other nations are gearing up for a loss, as the wealth profile makes the car a more affordable means of transport as well as conferring elements of status and imagery of “success”. Some countries however have begun successfully to reverse the decline in market share, primarily through infrastructure-based investment in bus systems, commonly referred to as bus rapid transit (BRT). BRT gives affordable public transport greater visibility and independence from other modes of transport, enabling it to deliver levels of service that compete sufficiently well with the car to attract and retain a market segmented clientele. BRT is growing in popularity throughout the world, notably in Asia, Europe and South America, in contrast to other forms of mass transit (such as light and heavy rail). This is in large measure due to its value for money, service capacity, affordability, relative flexibility, and network coverage. This research takes stock of its performance and success as an attractive system supporting the ideals of sustainable transport.

Valuation of travel time savings – practical lessons in estimation and application

J. Rose and D. Hensher

2006, ongoing

Recent developments in willingness to pay (WTP) methods have focused extensively on accounting for preference heterogeneity through judicious selection of analytical distributions in random parameter logit models. In the context of valuing travel time savings, there is now an accumulated body of evidence and experience on what happens to the WTP distribution when we impose specific distributional assumptions in unconstrained and constrained forms. The evaluation of various distributions has in large part been motivated by the desire to avoid long tails and sign changes on WTP that are often deemed behaviourally implausible. Recent research has raised a more fundamental concern about the focus on alternative distributions which may be looking in the wrong place for resolving some empirically identified behavioural inconsistencies. In this research we take a close look at a range of issues that we believe will support greater behavioural realism without having to exercise analytical gymnastics to establish behavioural compliance. The issues investigated include the heterogeneity of attribute processing strategies adopted by individuals; a two-stage estimation method that first identifies anomalies in choice outcomes and then re-estimates on the remaining data set; and specific treatments of the numerator and denominator in WTP calculations.

Transport Evaluation of Households in the West

P. Stopher, S. Greaves, A. Collins, J. Zhang, N. Swann and C. FitzGerald

2005 to 2008

ITLS has been selected to undertake a 3-year evaluation of the effects of a variety of transport policy and investment actions by the government of South Australia in a significant portion of Adelaide’s western suburbs. This is the first 3-year evaluation of its type to be undertaken in Australia. To implement the evaluation, ITLS established two panels in three Local Government Areas – one to provide odometer readings of all household vehicles every four months, beginning in April 2005, and ending in August 2007; and the other to use personal GPS recording devices for one week each year, in the months of August-September of each of 2005, 2006, and 2007. Based on analysis of the measurement of these two panels, ITLS will be able to determine the extent to which households change their travel behaviour and also whether such changes are sustained in the short term. Of particular interest will be the effects of the project on the amount of travel and the modes of travel used by panel members over the three-year period. This project marks the first time in which a panel odometer survey and a GPS panel will be used to evaluate transport initiatives. Following the successful completion of pilot studies, ITLS is conducting continuing surveys using both panel odometer surveys of 1000 households and a GPS panel survey of 200 households with an annual survey period of 7 days travel in each wave. The current monitoring of household travel is expected to continue to late 2007.


Congestion and Variable User Charging as an Effective Travel Demand Management Instrument

D. Hensher and L. Knowles

2005, ongoing

Interest at the political level in congestion charging is gaining pace as cities struggle with ways to reduce the effects of growing traffic congestion on the liveability of cities. Despite a long history of promotion of a wide array of travel demand management (TDM) initiatives, very few have had a noticeable impact on the levels of traffic on the road networks of metropolitan areas. TDM success in this context has almost become ‘band-aid’ in the absence of a pricing strategy that not one promotes efficient use of the system but also hypothecates revenues to support essential complementary infrastructure and services such as public transport. This research takes a look at the stream of pricing consciousness that is surfacing around the world. Although very few jurisdictions have implemented congestion charging, or any form of efficient variable car and truck user charging, the winds of change are well in place. The adage “it is not a matter of if but of when’ seems to be the prevailing view.

Spatial Alliances of Public Transit Operators: Establishing operator preferences for area management contracts with Government

D. Hensher and L. Knowles

2005, ongoing

Scheduled transit services in many countries are provided by operators within geographical jurisdictions protected from competition with other public transit operators, although unprotected from the competition by other modes, especially the car. This increased competition in many developed economies has led to a loss of market share of urban transit and contributed to the growing crisis in escalating costs of service provision (leading to pressure for increasing subsidy support). The response to this throughout the 1990s has seen governments progressively introducing market reforms centred on competitive tendering and economic deregulation. In more recent years, performance-based contracts have become popular variants, with an increasing number of incentive payment criteria introduced to not only promote cost efficiency but also aimed at growing patronage. Where such reform has involved area wide contracts, the boundaries of the contract areas have been essentially preserved. In recognition of the growing support for bus-based transit systems (variously referred to as bus rapid transit, busways and transitways), which offer increasing promise in growing public transit patronage, the NSW government in Australia has introduced reforms that require existing operators in the Sydney metropolitan area each currently holding an area contract (87 contracts) to work together under fifteen new spatial contracts. These new contracts overlay the existing contract areas and give incumbent operators the first option to participate. In this project we assess ways in which operators might coalesce to deliver ongoing and new ‘regional’ services. Operator business preferences and potential barriers to cooperation are identified through stated preference experiments.

The provision of Consultancy Services Advice in Regard to the ACT Travel-Smart Project

P. Stopher

2005, ongoing

ITLS was  selected to provide ongoing advice to the ACT Planning and Land Authority during a period of implementation of TravelSmart initiatives in the Canberra area. This advice includes assistance in drafting requests for proposals, reviewing requests for proposals, reviewing work scopes and reviewing reports and other materials, as requested by the ACTPLA. The project is continuing.

Predicting Financial Distress Using Reported Cash Flows: an Ordered Mixed (Random Parameter) Logit Model

D. Hensher

2004, ongoing

Previous research examining the incremental information content of operating cash flows (CFO) and traditional accrual measures in financial distress prediction has been inconclusive.  Many studies have employed some estimate of CFO, rather than reported CFO of firms. In most cases modelling has been confined to a simple binary logistic analysis, discriminant analysis or a rudimentary multinomial approach.  Using a more robust four-state random parameter (ordered) logit design, ratios based on reported CFO were found to have higher predictive value than estimated CFO, including a cohort of traditional accrual ratio measures.  The advantages of using advanced discrete choice models by researchers in this field, including their econometric implications, are discussed.

Urban Public Transport Delivery in Australia: Issues and Challenges in Retaining and Growing Patronage

D. Hensher

2004, ongoing

Urban public transport continues to be a high priority social obligation of governments throughout the world. In some jurisdictions it is the prime responsibility of national governments, while in other localities it is a state or local responsibility. To varying degrees, public and private organizations deliver the services within a regulatory framework that has responsibility for the performance of suppliers in a wide range of market settings. Increasingly government subsidy support is being aligned to the patronage levels and market share of public transport. This research focuses on the challenges involved in retaining and growing patronage in the presence of the dominant automobile. We focus primarily on bus and rail services but recognise the valuable role of ferries and taxis in the delivery of public transport.

ASsessing sources of variation in travel demand elasticities: a Meta analysis

D. Hensher

2003, ongoing

This project is documenting studies that have established empirical estimates of direct and cross elasticities for public transport service and cost. The aim is to explain differences in the estimates as way of understanding the influence on methods, data paradigms and context in influencing variations in estimates.

Urban Freight Models: Establishing Supply Chain Models [ARC Discovery Program Grant]

D. Hensher and S. Puckett

2002, ongoing

As part of a five-year ARC Discovery Program (2002-06), the aim is to develop new approach to modelling the key travel choices associated with the movement of urban freight. A central focus is on understanding the interactive agency aspect of the supply chain within which freight movement decisions are made. Thus the decision on choice of supply chain alliance and structure precedes the specification and modelling on trip decisions such a routing and chaining. The long term goal is to have a suite of choice models that can be used to evaluate the impact of transport policies such as congestion pricing on freight movements.

Dimensionality of Stated Choice Designs [ARC Grant]

D. Hensher

2000, ongoing

Stated choice (SC) methods are now a widely accepted data paradigm in the study of behavioural response of agents (be they individuals, households, or other organizations). Their popularity since the pioneering contributions of Louviere and Woodworth (1983) and Louviere and Hensher (1983) has spawned an industry of applications in fields as diverse as transportation, environmental science, health economics and policy, marketing, political science and econometrics. With rare exception, empirical studies have used a single SC design, in which the numbers of attributes, alternatives, choice sets, attribute levels and ranges have been fixed across the entire design. As a consequence the opportunity to investigate the influence of design dimensionality on behavioural response has been denied. Accumulated wisdom has promoted a large number of positions on what design features are specifically challenging for respondents (eg the number of choice sets to evaluate); and although a number of studies have assessed the influence of subsets of design dimensions (eg varying the range of attribute levels), there exists no single study (that we are aware of) that has systematically varied all of the main dimensions of SC experiments. This research uses a Design of Designs (DoD) SC experiment in which the ‘attributes’ of the design are the design dimensions themselves including the attributes of each alternative in a choice set. The design dimensions that are varied are the number of choice sets presented, the number of alternatives in each choice set, the number of attributes per alternative, the number of levels of each attribute and the range of attribute levels. We investigate hoe different designs impact on willingness to pay (ie attribute valuation), using a sample of respondents in Sydney choosing amongst trip attribute bundles for their commuting trip.

A Latent Class Model for Discrete Choice Analysis: Contrasts with Mixed Logit

D. Hensher

Ongoing

The multinomial logit model (MNL) has for many years provided the fundamental platform for the analysis of discrete choice. The basic model’s several shortcomings, most notably its inherent assumption of independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) have motivated researchers to develop a variety of alternative formulations. The mixed logit model stands as one of the most significant of these extensions. This research proposes a semi-parametric extension of the MNL, based on the latent class formulation, which resembles the mixed logit model but which relaxes its requirement that the analyst makes specific assumptions about the distributions of parameters across individuals. An application of the model to the choice of long distance travel by three road types (2-lane, 4-lane without a median and 4-lane with a median) by car in New Zealand is used to compare the MNL latent class model with mixed logit.

Congestion Pricing and the Optimal Provision of Public Infrastructure Goods: With Reference to Toll Roads

D. Hensher

Ongoing

The research provides a theoretical framework for analysing the effects of public infrastructure provision on private sector productivity using the example of a transport network. Public infrastructure such as a transport network is assumed to be a (congested) public good. When the provision of this good is at the long run equilibrium level, consumers pay a price which reflects the (individually-determined) marginal productivity of the good and the supplier is also recovering all its opportunity costs. In practice, the determination of the optimal level of provision of a public infrastructure good is not always an easy matter because of the (semi) public good nature of the infrastructure good. The set of ‘Lindahl prices’ which are supposed to be levied on each individual user to reflect the individualised marginal productivity of the public good are not easily determined or observed. Fortunately, in the case of a ‘congested’ public good such as a tolled road, it can be shown that congestion can act as though a kind of implicit tax, or ‘Lindahl prices’ which will help to reveal the individual user’s true willingness-to-pay for the public good. If we can estimate the level of these implicit taxes from the level of congestion and the aggregate level of demand associated with this level of congestion, then we can use these to estimate the (aggregated) Lindahl prices which will help in determining the optimal level of provision of the public good. Congestion thus can act as though a kind of ‘invisible hand’ which helps to restore equilibrium in the case of a congested public good. We illustrate this with an empirical calculation for an actual road network.

Contract Areas and Service Quality Issues in Public Transit

D. Hensher

Ongoing

The introduction of contract regimes for the provision of bus services such as competitive tendering and performance-based contracts is usually premised on a prior assumption that the size of the physical contract area is given and that any policies related to interactions between contract areas such as integrated ticketing and fares are agreed to. This research reviews the evolving arguments that promote a review of contract area sizes before re-contracting and the positions supporting the benefits of service quality-related issues such as an integrated fares policy. Given that a number of analysts (in Sydney) are promoting the appeal of increasing physical contract area size to facilitate, amongst other reasons, an integrated fare regime, it is timely to set out the pros and cons for such reform to ensure that they are not counter-productive to the desired outcomes of the reform process. The arguments herein caution the support for too small a number of large contract areas on grounds of internal efficiency losses and limited gains in network economies (but support amalgamating very small contract areas). The existing empirical evidence tends to support contract areas currently services by fleet sizes in the range 30-100 regardless of urban development profile. Alternative ways of delivering cross-regional and broad-based network benefits are proposed.

Mixed Logit Models: the State of Practice

D. Hensher

Ongoing

The mixed logit model is considered to be the most promising state of the art discrete choice model currently available. Increasingly researchers and a few practitioners are estimating mixed logit models of various degrees of sophistication with mixtures of revealed preference and stated preference data. It is timely to review progress in model estimation since the learning curve is steep and the unwary are likely to fall into a chasm if not careful. These chasms are very deep indeed given the complexity of the mixed logit model. Although the theory is relatively clear, estimation and data issues are far from clear and indeed there is a great deal of potential mis-inference consequent on trying to extract increased behavioural realism from data that is often not able to comply with the demands of mixed logit models. Possibly for the first time we now have an estimation method that requires extremely high quality data if the analyst wishes to take advantage of the extended behavioural capabilities of such models. This research focuses on the new opportunities offered by mixed logit models and some issues to be aware of to avoid misuse of such advanced discrete choice methods by the practitioner.

Models of Organisational and Agency Choices for Passenger and Freight-Related Travel Choices: Notions of Inter-Activity and Influence

D. Hensher

Ongoing

The study of traveller behaviour has in the main treated each agent in a decision-network as an independent decision maker conditioned typically (and exogenously) on the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of other agents and at best on a set of exogenous variables representing the (perceived ‘equilibrium’) influence of other agents. In many literatures it has long been recognised that agency interaction plays a (potentially) significant role in the actions of individuals. Examples at the household, community and business level abound. McFadden (2001a,b) recently stated that a high priority research agenda for choice modellers is the recognition of the role of social and psychological interactions between decision makers in the formation of preferences. Manski (2000) came to a similar conclusion and offered a plea for better data to assist in understanding the role of interactions between social agents (promoting the role of experimental choice data). While the interest in (endogenous) interactions between agents involved in passenger travel activity is generally neglected, the absence is particularly notable and of greater concern with the renewed interest in the study of (urban) freight travel activity where a supply chain of decision-makers have varying degrees of influence and power over the freight distribution task. This research reviews the broad literature on interactive decision making with a specific focus on choices made by interactive agents and the role of individuals in networks. A number of modelling perspectives are presented that use well established discrete choice paradigms. We highlight the challenges in designing data collection paradigms that are comprehensive, relevant and comprehendable by participating agents and suggest an agenda for ongoing research.

Performance-Based Quality Contracts for the Bus Sector: Delivering Social and Commercial Value for Money

D. Hensher

Ongoing

Reform of the bus sector has been occurring in many countries. One matter central to these reform initiatives is the establishment of a value for money (VM) regime to ensure that operators deliver to the market the best possible service levels consistent with stakeholder needs and especially the objectives of government. A key underlying feature of ‘value for money’ (VM) is identifying the benefit to society associated with each dollar of subsidy support from government. This research reviews the elements of a VM regime within the setting of an incentive-based performance contract and develops a formal framework for establishing optimum subsidy based on system-wide maximisation of social surplus. The maximisation of social surplus is subject to a number of constraints including the commercial imperative of the operator, minimum service levels under community service obligations and a fare and subsidy budget cap. An important feature of the performance-based contract (PBC) regime is a passenger trip-based incentive payment scheme linked to user and environmental externality benefits incorporating a subsidy per additional passenger trip above the patronage delivered under minimum service and fare levels. In this way, rewards to operators are revealed through the fare box, through increased consumer surplus and through reductions in negative externalities associated with car use. PBCs can be designed to accommodate both transition from an existing regime and post-transition growth strategies. The implementation of performance-based contracts is illustrated using data from private operators in the Sydney Metropolitan Area.

Respondent Burden in Choice Experiments: Does Temporal Burden-Spreading Help?

D. Hensher

Ongoing

A feature of choice experiments that continues to concern many analysts is the impact of the choice task itself on choice responses. As we show the behavioural merits of increasingly more demanding choice tasks to evaluate, we impose additional burdens on respondents. While in reality individuals seem able to make decisions by evaluating alternatives in complex (often sub-conscious) ways, we still struggle with how best to replicate that process in a way that captures the data necessary to formally model the choice process. This research investigates the variability in choice response when we offer choice experiments under a number of alternative data collection paradigms. The alternatives are based on the number of choice experiments and the elapsed time between requests for data response. Holding the actual design alternatives and attributes fixed, we compare a 32 choice set in which we offer all 32 at one time, 16 sets over two sittings, and 8 sets over four sittings. We space the sequenced interviews apart by 7, 14 and 21 days. The main hypothesis is the impact on variability of choice response and a range of valuation outputs of exposure to a specific number of choice sets over a period of time ranging from all at once to a spread of 21 days. We use a convenience sample of 90 respondents (yielding 960 observations per setting or 2880 in total) and a toll vs free road trade off on toll cost, travel time, and travel time variability (ie reliability) for three unlabelled alternatives.

SQI: A Service Quality Indicator for Urban Bus Operations – Development Phase

D. Hensher

Ongoing

Building on the 1999 pilot study that identified the potential for a new service quality index for urban bus operations, this development phase involved the State Transit Authority of NSW and Busways in further detailed refinement of the SQI measure. We divided each operator into a number of route-based segments and surveyed a sample of passengers in each segment using a stratified random sample. As a benchmarking exercise we developed a joint discrete choice model (using a nested logit trick) with the capability of scaling each segments parameter estimates in recognition of the data being drawn from different sampled populations. Ignoring such scaling leads to notable reordering of the SQI performance of each segment. Suggested mechanisms for introducing SQI into contract specification are presented.

TRESIS: Transport and Environment Strategy Impact Simulator

D. Hensher

Ongoing

The Institute of Transport Studies has recently released Transportation and Environment Strategy Impact Simulator (TRESIS) as a decision support system to assist planners to predict the impact of transport strategies and to make recommendations based on those predictions. A key focus of the simulator is the richness of policy instruments such as new public transport, new toll roads, congestion pricing, gas guzzler taxes, changing residential densities, introducing designated bus lanes, implementing fare changes, altering parking policy, introducing more flexible work practices, and the introduction of more fuel efficient vehicles. The appropriateness of mixtures of policy instruments is gauged in terms of a series of performance indicators such as impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, accessibility, equity, air quality and household consumer surplus.

TRESIS Version 1.0 is provided exclusively to the Bureau of Transport Economics. This version is the 1995 ITS-BTCE source code, extensively edited and restructured to increase the performance of the code. The software can be applied on six capital cities in Australia (Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Canberra, Perth and Adelaide). A user friendly input and output interface has also been added using the latest map objects and Boolean tools. In 1995 a typical run for one policy instrument for the years 1993-2017 took up to 12 hours. The combination of a streamlined code and faster computers has reduced this time to minutes. For example, a single policy evaluation for Canberra for 1993-2017 on a Pentium III with 128 MB of ram and 32 bit virtual memory (under Windows 98) takes about 9 minutes. TRESIS version 1.4, a major upgrade of version 1.0 (with intermediate test versions 1.2, 1.3) was released in early 2003 and updated base year to 1998 as well as adding new features to select the number of synthetic households and a new joint departure-mode choice model for commuters and is specialised at this stage to Sydney. TRESIS version 2 is in progress and is a major overhaul including extensive new networks for highway and public transport modes (bus, ferry, rail, busways, light rail). It replaces the 14-zone system of version 1.4 with 904 zones and has placed the entire architecture on a built-in GIS platform. No additional support software is required.

Tolled Cross City Tunnel in Sydney

D. Hensher

Ongoing

Transfield, Multiplex and a major Warburg Dillon commissioned me to provide expert advise in the preparation of a bid to build, finance and operate a proposed tolled tunnel under the central business district of Sydney. The main focus was on appointment of sub-consultants and directing the travel demand research.


Recent research achievements

Grants

Dr Demi Chung, Professor David Hensher and Dr John Rose

Identifying risk perception of various stakeholder groups to a public private partnership tollroad contract.
Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand Research Grant scheme [2008: $7,500]

Dr Stephen Greaves

Assessment of policies for reducing externalities of road-based freight in Sydney.
NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change [2008: $30,000]

A pilot survey using GPS technology to validate travel data captured by traditional diary-based methods.
State Government of Victoria [2008: $75,000]

Modelling the environmental impacts of commercial vehicle tours and freight management policies in urban areas
Australian Research Council Discovery Project [2008: $62,568; 2009: $66,774; 2010: $71,112]


Professor David Hensher

Secured Chair in Public Transport in ITLS, funded by NSW Government [2008-2012: $1m]

Professional activities

Workshops, seminars and industry linkages

Professor David Hensher visited the University of Johannesburg, South Africa, to launch ITLS-Africa and to give lectures at the University [February 2008]

Positions

Editorial Positions

Professor David  Hensher
Series and Volume Editor: (with Professor Kenneth Button) Elsevier Handbooks in Transport
Area Editor: Transport Reviews, Taylor and Francis Ltd., London
Guest Editor: Special Issue of Transportation Research B on Behavioural Insights into Freight Distribution (2006-07); Special Issue of Transportation Research A on Public Transport Reform (2007-08); Special Issue of Transportation on Global Public Transport Reform (2007-08); and Journal of Transport Geography on Planning and Patronage (2007-08)
Editorial Advisory Board: Transportation, Elsevier Publishers; Journal of Asian and Pacific Transport; Transportation Research, Pergamon Press; International Journal of Transport Economics; Journal of Choice Modelling; and Journal of Transport and Land Use
Editorial Board: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy; Journal of Transport Planning and Technology; Cooperative Transportation Dynamics; Transportation Research Part E, Universities of British Columbia and California at Berkeley; Transport Policy, Butterworths; Journal of Retailing and Consumer Behaviour; Journal of Transport and Statistics, US Department of Transportation and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics; and Perspectives on Transport: The Journal of the World Conference of Transport Research Society
Member: USA National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board Committee on Traveller Behaviour and Values; and USA National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board Committee on Travel Forecasting

Dr John Rose
Editor in Chief: Journal of Choice Modeling

Professor Peter Stopher
Editorial Board: Transport Reviews; Transport Policy; Journal of Transportation and Statistics; and Journal of Transportation and Land Use

Professor David Walters
Guest Editor: International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, an Emerald journal

Professional Committees

Dr Stephen Greaves
International committee member of Transportation Research Board Committees, ABJ40-4 [New Technologies in Travel Surveys], and ADC20 [Air Quality].
Member, Sustainable Management of Organisations Group (SMOG), Faculty of Economics and Business, the University of Sydney.

Professor David  Hensher
Singapore's Land Transport Agency's International Advisory Panel; Advisory Committee of Transport Research Centre, Melbourne University; Vice-Chairman, International Steering Committee of the World Conference on Transport Research Society; NSW Department of Transport Technical Advisory Committee; and Standards Committee on Logistics, Australia

Dr Ada Suk-Fung Ng
Sydney Transport Panel; Eastern Asia Society of Transport Studies (EASTS); and Institute for Operations Research and Management Sciences (INFORMS)

Dr John Rose
Travel Survey Methods Committee and Transportation Research Board

Professor Peter Stopher
Emeritus membership of the Survey Methods Committee of US National Academy of Sciences Transportation Research Board.

Conference Committees

Professor David Hensher
Executive Chair and Co-Founder, International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport
Chair, 10th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport, Hamilton Island, Australia, August 2007

Professor Peter Stopher
Co-Chair of Organising Committee, International Conference on Travel Survey Methods

Professional Associations

Dr Stephen Greaves
Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA

Professor David Hensher
Economic Society of Australia and New Zealand; Transportation Research Board, USA; Australasian Transport Research Forum; American Transportation Research Forum; Chartered Institute of Transport, UK; World Conference of Transport Research Society; International Association of Travel Behaviour; American Planning Association; Australian Institute of Traffic and Planning Management; and Australian Institution of Engineers

Professor Peter Stopher
American Statistical Association, USA; Institute of Transportation Engineers; American Society of Civil Engineers, USA; Committee on Environmental Issues, Transportation and Development Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, USA; Committee on Planning and Economics, Transportation and Development Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, USA; Committee on Survey Methods, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science and Engineering, USA; Committee on Traveller Behaviour and Values, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science and Engineering, USA; Institute of Engineers Australia, Civil College, Australia; and Panel on Project TCRP Synthesis Topic SH-07, Transit Cooperative Research Program, National Academies of Science and Engineering, USA

Referee of papers

Dr Stephen Greaves
Journals: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transport Systems Journal; Transportation Research Record; Journal of Transport Statistics; Transportation; Road and Transport Research; and Australasian Transport Research Forum.
Conferences: Thinking on Two Wheels Conference; and Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board.
Grants: Large grant application for the Carnegie Trust in Scotland on transport and emissions.
Other: Reference Panellist for the Bicycle Federation of Australia fact-sheets on environmental and health issues associated with bicycle use.

Professor David Hensher
Journals: Transportation Research (A,B,E); Transportation; Journal of Transport Economics and Policy; Journal of Transportation and Statistics; Environment and Resource Economics; Review of Economics and Statistics; Environment and Planning A; Transport Reviews; Transportation Research Board Journal; Transport Policy, Regional and Urban Economics; Economic Record; and Journal of Transport Geography and Applied Economics. He is also a regular reviewer of chapters for books in the Elsevier Science Series.

Dr Ada Suk-Fung Ng
Journals: Naval Research Logistics; IIE Transactions; Computers and Operations Research; International Journal of Service Operations and Informatics; International Journal of Production Economics; International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management; Academy of Management; and Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics.

Dr John Rose
Journals: Environmental and Resource Economics; Transportation Research A, B, D and E; Journal of Choice Modelling; Transportation Research Board; Journal of Transportation Engineering; Social Science Medicine; Journal of Transport Economics and Policy; and Transport Reviews.

Professor Peter Stopher
Journals: Transportation; Transportation Research A; Transportation Research Board; Transport Reviews; Transportation Research Forum; Australasian Transport Research Forum; Transport Policy; Journal of Transportation and Statistics; and Road and Transport Research.

Professor David Walters
Journals: Management Decision; Supply Chain Management; International Journal of Logistics Management; Journal of Management History; European Journal of Marketing; and Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics.
Conferences: ANZAM Operations Management 2007; Fifth Annual Symposium on Supply Chain Management 2007; and ANZAM Conference 2007.

 

 

 

 

 

© 2003 The Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies
Faculty of Economics & Business. The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia

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